1. To secure a firm grip on the work, the jaws may be heated red hot and hammered into shape over the piece be held, thus giving a properly formed jaw. Jaws should touch the work along their entire length.
2. The hardy is a form of chisel with a short, square shank which may be set into the hardie hole for cutting hot bars.
3. When the punch is driven in from the second side, the place to be punched through should be laid over the spud hole in the tail of the anvil and the piece driven of the work.
4. Steel is usually welded at a bright red heat because of the danger of oxidizing or burning the metal if the temperature is above this point.
5. The scarf may be produced by filing, sawing or chiseling the ends, although this not good practice because it is then impossible to give the desired upset and additional metal for the weld.
6. When the work has reached the welding temperature after having been replaced in the fire with the flux applied, the two parts are quickly tapped to the loose scale from their surfaces.
7. A butt weld is made between the ends of two pieces of shaft or other bar shapes by upsetting the ends so that they have a considerable flare and shaping the face of the end so that it is slightly higher in the center than around the edges, this being to make the centers come together first.
8. The metallic arc is called a flaming arc and as the metal of the electrode burns with the heat, it gives the flame a color characteristic of the material used.
9. Very thin metals which are welded together and are not backed up by something to carry away the excess heat are very apt to burn through, leaving hole where the weld should be.
10. The electric arc will melt metal in a weld for less than the same metal can be melted by the use of the oxy-acetylene torch, and, on account of the fact that the heat can be applied exactly where it is required and in the amount required, the arc can in almost all cases welding heat for less cost than a forge fire or heating furnace.